Disclaimer The opinions expressed herein are my own personal opinions and do not represent my employer's view in any way.
There is an article about the different layout controls by "benoyraj" at codeproject. It's a good start to understanding these controls. Best thing to do is to throw them on a form and play around with them a little.
Panel control hasn't changed since 1.1 (Except for the properties derived from Control like AutoSize...) Same with GroupBox and TabControl.
FlowLayoutControl places the controls in its container in a "flowing" order. Kind of like web stuff. You don't have control of the Top/Left of a control in the FlowLayoutControl. You can set the flow to LeftToRight, TopDown, RightToLeft, or BottomUp. David Muhundo has a blog posting describing some of his feats and concerns.
TableLayoutPanel defines a Table that you place controls in. Again, you are giving up control over the Top/Left of the child controls in a cell. Only one control can be placed in each cell.
Split functionality has changed significantly from v1.1. There is now a SplitContainer that basically is two panels split either horizontally or vertically that you drop controls into. if you are handling resizing manually, there are two events, SplitterMoved and SplitterMoving that you can capture. There is a small FAQ (Word Document) on WindowsForms.NET.
Next up-> Windows Forms Controls